{"id":7354,"date":"2013-05-13T13:05:06","date_gmt":"2013-05-13T08:05:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/?p=7354"},"modified":"2013-05-13T13:05:06","modified_gmt":"2013-05-13T08:05:06","slug":"pyrethrum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/en\/?p=7354","title":{"rendered":"Pyrethrum"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b><a href=\"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/\u0565\u0580\u056b\u0581\u0578\u0582\u056f.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-7365\" alt=\"\u0565\u0580\u056b\u0581\u0578\u0582\u056f\" src=\"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/\u0565\u0580\u056b\u0581\u0578\u0582\u056f.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/\u0565\u0580\u056b\u0581\u0578\u0582\u056f.jpg 800w, https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/\u0565\u0580\u056b\u0581\u0578\u0582\u056f-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/\u0565\u0580\u056b\u0581\u0578\u0582\u056f-452x300.jpg 452w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a>Pyrethrum<\/b>\u00a0refers to several Old World plants of the genus\u00a0<i><a title=\"Chrysanthemum\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chrysanthemum\">Chrysanthemum<\/a><\/i>\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0<i>C. coccineum<\/i>) which are cultivated as ornamentals for their showy\u00a0<a title=\"Flower\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flower\">flower<\/a>\u00a0heads. Pyrethrum is also the name of a natural<a title=\"Insecticide\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insecticide\">insecticide<\/a>\u00a0made from the dried flower heads of\u00a0<i><b>Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium<\/b><\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0<i><b>Chrysanthemum coccineum<\/b><\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Some members of the\u00a0<i>Chrysanthemum<\/i>\u00a0genus, such as the following two, are placed in the\u00a0<i><a title=\"Tanacetum\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanacetum\">Tanacetum<\/a><\/i>\u00a0genus instead by some botanists. Both genera are members of the daisy (or aster) family,\u00a0<a title=\"Asteraceae\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asteraceae\">Asteraceae<\/a>. They are all\u00a0<a title=\"Perennial plant\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perennial_plant\">perennial plants<\/a>\u00a0with a daisy-like appearance and\u00a0<a title=\"White\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White\">white<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Petal\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petal\">petals<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<div><i><a href=\"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/\u0565\u0580\u056b\u0581\u0578\u0582\u056f1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-7366\" alt=\"\u0565\u0580\u056b\u0581\u0578\u0582\u056f1\" src=\"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/\u0565\u0580\u056b\u0581\u0578\u0582\u056f1.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/\u0565\u0580\u056b\u0581\u0578\u0582\u056f1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/\u0565\u0580\u056b\u0581\u0578\u0582\u056f1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/\u0565\u0580\u056b\u0581\u0578\u0582\u056f1-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a>Tanacetum cinerariifolium<\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><i>T. cinerariifolium<\/i>\u00a0is called the Dalmatian chrysanthemum, denoting its origin in that region of the Balkans (<a title=\"Dalmatia\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dalmatia\">Dalmatia<\/a>). It looks more like the common daisy than other pyrethrums. Its flowers, typically white with a yellow center, grow from numerous fairly rigid stems. Plants have blue-green leaves and grow to 45 to 100\u00a0cm in height. The plant is economically important as a natural source of\u00a0<a title=\"Insecticide\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insecticide\">insecticide<\/a>. The flowers are pulverized and the active components, called\u00a0<a title=\"Pyrethrin\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyrethrin\">pyrethrins<\/a>, contained in the seed cases, are extracted and sold in the form of an\u00a0<a title=\"Oleoresin\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oleoresin\">oleoresin<\/a>. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all\u00a0<a title=\"Insect\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insect\">insects<\/a>, and inhibit female\u00a0<a title=\"Mosquito\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mosquito\">mosquitoes<\/a>\u00a0from biting. When present in amounts less than those fatal to insects, they still appear to have an\u00a0<a title=\"Insect repellent\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insect_repellent\">insect repellent<\/a>\u00a0effect. They are harmful to\u00a0<a title=\"Fish\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish\">fish<\/a>, but are far less toxic to\u00a0<a title=\"Mammal\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mammal\">mammals<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Bird\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bird\">birds<\/a>\u00a0than many synthetic insecticides and are not persistent, being<a title=\"Biodegradation\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biodegradation\">biodegradable<\/a>\u00a0and also\u00a0<a title=\"Chemical decomposition\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chemical_decomposition\">decompose<\/a>\u00a0easily on exposure to light. They are considered to be amongst the safest insecticides for use around\u00a0<a title=\"Food\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food\">food<\/a>.\u00a0<a title=\"Kenya\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kenya\">Kenya<\/a>\u00a0produced 90% (over 6,000\u00a0<a title=\"Tonne\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tonne\">tonnes<\/a>) of the world&#8217;s pyrethrum in 1998, called\u00a0<i>py<\/i>\u00a0for short. Production in\u00a0<a title=\"Tanzania\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanzania\">Tanzania<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Ecuador\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecuador\">Ecuador<\/a>\u00a0is also significant. Currently the worlds major producer is\u00a0<a title=\"Tasmania\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tasmania\">Tasmania<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Australia\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australia\">Australia<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<div><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tanacetum_coccineum2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/52\/Tanacetum_coccineum2.jpg\/220px-Tanacetum_coccineum2.jpg\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/52\/Tanacetum_coccineum2.jpg\/330px-Tanacetum_coccineum2.jpg 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/52\/Tanacetum_coccineum2.jpg\/440px-Tanacetum_coccineum2.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\" height=\"163\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><i>Tanacetum coccineum<\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><i>C. coccineum<\/i>, the Persian chrysanthemum, is a\u00a0<a title=\"Perennial\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perennial\">perennial<\/a>\u00a0plant native to\u00a0<a title=\"Caucasus\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caucasus\">Caucasus<\/a>\u00a0and looks somewhat like a\u00a0<a title=\"Asteraceae\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asteraceae\">daisy<\/a>. It produces large white, pink or red flowers. The leaves resemble those of\u00a0<a title=\"Fern\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fern\">ferns<\/a>, and the plant grows to between 30 and 60\u00a0cm in height. The flowering period is June to July in temperate climates (Northern Hemisphere).\u00a0<i>C. coccineum<\/i>\u00a0also contains insecticidal pyrethrum substances, but it is a poor source compared to\u00a0<i>C. cinerariifolium<\/i>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Other species, such as\u00a0<i>C. balsamita<\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0<i>C. marshalli<\/i>, also contain insecticidal substances, but are less effective than the two species mentioned above.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<div><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tanacetum_cinerariifolium_MHNT.BOT._2012.10.14.JPG\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2c\/Tanacetum_cinerariifolium_MHNT.BOT._2012.10.14.JPG\/220px-Tanacetum_cinerariifolium_MHNT.BOT._2012.10.14.JPG\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2c\/Tanacetum_cinerariifolium_MHNT.BOT._2012.10.14.JPG\/330px-Tanacetum_cinerariifolium_MHNT.BOT._2012.10.14.JPG 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2c\/Tanacetum_cinerariifolium_MHNT.BOT._2012.10.14.JPG\/440px-Tanacetum_cinerariifolium_MHNT.BOT._2012.10.14.JPG 2x\" width=\"220\" height=\"175\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div><a title=\"Enlarge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tanacetum_cinerariifolium_MHNT.BOT._2012.10.14.JPG\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.22wmf3\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip.png\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p><i>Tanacetum cinerariifolium<\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Insecticides<\/h2>\n<h3>Sprays<\/h3>\n<p>Pyrethrum was used for centuries as an\u00a0<a title=\"Insecticide\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insecticide\">insecticide<\/a>,and as a lice remedy in the\u00a0<a title=\"Middle East\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Middle_East\">Middle East<\/a>\u00a0(<a title=\"Iran\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran\">Persian<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Persian powder\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_powder\">powder<\/a>, also known as &#8220;Persian pellitory&#8221;). It was sold worldwide under the brand\u00a0<a title=\"Zacherlin\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zacherlin\">Zacherlin<\/a>\u00a0by Austrian industrialist\u00a0<a title=\"Johann Zacherl\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johann_Zacherl\">J. Zacherl<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-US_Patent_2-0\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyrethrum#cite_note-US_Patent-2\"><br \/>\n<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The flowers should be dried and then crushed and mixed with water. Pyrethrum can be harmful to humans.<sup id=\"cite_ref-3\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyrethrum#cite_note-3\"><br \/>\n<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Pyrethroid\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyrethroid\">Pyrethroids<\/a>\u00a0are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum (<a title=\"Pyrethrin\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyrethrin\">pyrethrins<\/a>); one common example is\u00a0<a title=\"Permethrin\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permethrin\">permethrin<\/a>. A common formulation of pyrethrin is in preparations containing the synthetic chemical\u00a0<a title=\"Piperonyl butoxide\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piperonyl_butoxide\">piperonyl butoxide<\/a>: this has the effect of enhancing the\u00a0<a title=\"Toxic\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxic\">toxicity<\/a>\u00a0to insects and speeding the effects when compared with pyrethrins used alone. These formulations are known as\u00a0<i>synergized pyrethrins<\/i>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Companion planting<\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Because Chrysanthemums contain pyrethrums, they are used as\u00a0<a title=\"Companion plant\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Companion_plant\">companion plants<\/a>, to repel pest insects from nearby crops and\u00a0<a title=\"Ornamental plant\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ornamental_plant\">ornamental plants<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-4\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyrethrum#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0They are thought to repel\u00a0<a title=\"Aphid\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aphid\">aphids<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Bed bug\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bed_bug\">bed bugs<\/a>\u00a0(<i>Cimex lectularius<\/i>),\u00a0<a title=\"Leafhopper\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leafhopper\">leafhoppers<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Spider mite\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spider_mite\">spider mites<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Harlequin bug\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harlequin_bug\">harlequin bugs<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Tick\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tick\">ticks<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Pickleworm\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pickleworm\">pickleworms<\/a>\u00a0and imported\u00a0<a title=\"Cabbage worm\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cabbage_worm\">cabbage worms<\/a>, among others that are in gardens and farms. For example, they are planted among broccoli plants for protection from several common insect pests.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pyrethrum\u00a0refers to several Old World plants of the genus\u00a0Chrysanthemum\u00a0(e.g.,\u00a0C. coccineum) which are cultivated as ornamentals&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":7366,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[179,224,188,212],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7354","post","type-post","status-publish","format-image","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-more","category-news","category-plants","category-weekly-news","post_format-post-format-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7354","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7354"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7354\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/7366"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7354"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7354"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive2.ankakh.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7354"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}